Emacs才是世界上最强大的IDE － 用Emaci阅读文件
相信有很多人平时要阅读大量文件, 而且阅读文件比编辑文件的时间要多的多, 在Emacs里编辑文件的时候, 阅读文件很不方便, 只能用C-v M-v上下滚屏. Emacs下有个view-mode专门是为阅读文件而准备的, 在view-mode里, u向上滚半屏, d向下滚半屏, SPC向下滚一屏, 阅读文件方便多了, 但是还不够, 为什么? 因为经常在阅读文件的时候, 你看到什么不对的地方需要修改, 而在view-mode下, 文件是只读的, 而且有时候, 你在编辑文件的时候, 也需要阅读文件, 那么这两种情况下, 你都要不停的切换view-mode, 非常的不方便, 而且在view-mode里面上下左右移动还得用C-n, C-p, C-f, C-b, 也是非常的不方便, 还有前进一个单词M-f, 后退一个单词M-b, 操作起来都还是很麻烦.
大家都知道vi, 它的快捷键是出名的短, 在vi的命令模式, 上下左右以字符前进是hjkl, 是vi最著名的地方了, 非常方便, 还有它的以单词前进和后退的快捷键w, b, e, 还有好多类似移动光标的命令, 都非常的方便. Emacs下有好多模拟vi的插件, vi-mode就是一个, 它是Emacs内置的, 它模拟了好多vi的特性, 简单的光标移动命令更是当然支持了. 用它来阅读文件的话, 也是不错的, 但是还是有两方面缺点, 一是在vi-mode下好多下, 好多Emacs本身的快捷键就用不了, 比如C-a, C-y等, 二是vi本身固有的缺点(个人观点), 那就是虽然那些快捷键比较短, 但是基本上要在命令模式下运行, 想想, 当你在编辑文件的时候, 想要上下左右移动光标, 然后继续编辑, 再来个上下半屏移动光标, 再来个编辑, 然后再搜索某个单词, 再来个编辑, 就得不停的在编辑模式和命令模式来回切换, 个人觉得非常的不方便, 所以用vi-mode来阅读文件也不是最理想的选择.
鉴于以上理由, 个人自己写了个minor mode, 结合Emacs的优点和部分vi的优点, 所以它的名字Emaci就是由EMACs和vI组成, Emacs占了四个字符, vi却只占了1个字符, 因为Emaci偏向于Emacs的功能更多.
安装好Emaci(只要(require ‘emaci))后, M-x emaci-mode (我把它绑定到了M-s上, 非常方便)进入emaci-mode. 由于大部分情况下打开一个文件浏览的情况比较多, 所以我写了一个函数emaci-exist-file, 这个函数的作用就是判断当前文件是否存在, 存在的话就自动打开emaci-mode, 我把这个函数加到了find-file-hook里面, 这样当你打开一个文件的时候就自动进入了emaci-mode, 打开新文件则不会进入emaci-mode.
进入emaci-mode后, 和vi类似, hjkl上下左右以字符单位移动光标, f, b前进和后退一个单词, I回到行首并且退出emaci-mode, A回到行尾并且退出emaci-mode. 和view-mode类似, u向上滚半屏, SPC向下滚半屏, w向上滚一屏, d向下滚一屏, <和>回到buffer头和buffer尾, 这个也和view-mode一样. g也是回到buffer头, J和K则是向下和向上移动7行, B执行eval-buffer, 1最大化当前window, 2把当前buffer垂直分成两半，3把当前buffer水平非常两半，q退出emaci-mode. 我的配置里，当安装了highlight-symbol后，n向前搜索当前光标处的下一个单词，p则向后搜索，非常方便。这样配置：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | (defun highlight-symbol-settings-for-emaci () "`highlight-symbol' settings for `emaci'." (eval-when-compile (require 'cl)) ;;;###autoload (defun emaci-n () "Command bind to key n." (interactive) (if (edebug-active) (edebug-next-mode) (if (equal major-mode 'gud-mode) (call-interactively 'gud-next) (call-interactively 'highlight-symbol-next)))) (define-key-list emaci-mode-map `(("p" highlight-symbol-prev)))) (eval-after-load "emaci" `(highlight-symbol-settings-for-emaci)) |
与vi和view-mode相比最大的差异的地方也是我觉得最方便的地方, 是在emaci-mode下也可以进行一些编辑工作, 比如你在浏览某个文件的时候, 发现某一行不需要, 直接用C-k删除即可, 然后再用C-y复制一下刚才拷贝的东西, 当然同样, 可以删除一个区域, 一个单词, 一个字符, 删除字符还可以用vi中的x命令. 这些编辑操作都不需要你退出emaci-mode, 编辑完之后, 用C-x C-s保存即可. 只有当你需要敲一堆文字的时候, 因为可能会涉及到jkhl等快捷键, 这时候才需要用q退出emaci-mode. 这时候你就想了, 那是不是每次编辑之前还要看一下当前是否开了emaci-mode, 那岂不是非常麻烦? 不用担心, 开启了emaci-mode后, mode-line上会显示一个非常显眼的”Emaci”样, 我特地用白底红字标示出来, 就像这样:
Emaci的mode-line标记
当然，这个颜色你也可以控制的，该颜色是由颜色变量emaci-mode-line-face来控制的。
而且, 我一般把M-s绑定到了emaci-mode-on, M-S绑定到emaci-mode-off上面, 这样, 你想编辑的时候按下M-S, 浏览的时候按下M-s, 即使不用看那个白底红字的”Emaci”字样, 也不会出错的. 这点view-mode就不行, 它和其他的minor mode一样, 都是默认的颜色, 我一般开启了好多minor mode, 这样, 你想编辑的时候, 还得盯着mode-line看半天当前是否打开了view-mode.
emaci还对常用的一些mode, 比如view-mode(所以你如果不喜欢在emaci-mode里面能修改文件, 只想只读的阅读文件的话, 可以考虑view-mode, 它的配置文件在这里), Man-mode, apropos, diff-mode, help-mode等定制了通用的hjkl等方便的快捷键, 这些是通过emaci-brief-key-defs变量来控制的, 这个变量是一个list, list的每一个元素是由两个元素构成的list, 第一个元素是快捷键, 快捷键的写法和kbd宏的参数一样, 第二个参数是该快捷键对应的命令, 这个变量默认值如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | (defcustom emaci-brief-key-defs `(("h" backward-char) ("l" forward-char) ("j" next-line) ("k" previous-line) ("J" roll-down) ("K" roll-up) ("b" backward-word) ("w" am-forward-word-or-to-word) ("o" other-window) ("G" end-of-buffer) ("a" move-beginning-of-line) ("e" move-end-of-line)) "Key pairs used bind in modes `emaci-maps-to-bind-brief-keys'. Each element of this variable is two-elements list, and first element is key like argument of `kbd', and second element is command." :type 'list :group 'emaci) |
而待绑定这些快捷键的keymap是由变量emaci-maps-to-bind-brief-keys控制的, 其默认值如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | (defcustom emaci-maps-to-bind-brief-keys `(view-mode-map Man-mode-map apropos-mode-map completion-list-mode-map log-view-mode-map compilation-mode-map diff-mode-map help-mode-map ,(if (>= emacs-major-version 21) 'grep-mode-map) color-theme-mode-map) "List used for `emaci-bind-modes-keys'. Element of this list either a list whose first element is load file, and second element is map, or a string which means load file, or a map." :group 'emaci) |
此变量是一个keymap的list, list中的元素是keymap或者是nil。
如果你修改了以上两个变量后, 执行一下M-x emaci-bind-brief-keys使你的修改生效.
Emaci的配置文件在这里，配置如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 | ;; -*- Emacs-Lisp -*- ;; Time-stamp: <2010-04-19 10:15:52 Monday by ahei> (require 'util) (require 'emaci) (apply-define-key global-map `(("M-s" emaci-mode-on) ("M-S" emaci-mode-off))) (defun emaci-settings () "settings for `emaci'." (eal-define-keys 'emaci-mode-map `(("/" describe-symbol-at-point) ("'" switch-to-other-buffer) ("L" count-brf-lines) ("t" sb-toggle-keep-buffer) ("." find-symbol-at-point) ("," find-symbol-go-back) ("]" goto-paren))) (setq emaci-brief-key-defs (append emaci-brief-key-defs `(("]" goto-paren)))) (emaci-bind-brief-keys) ;;;###autoload (defun switch-major-mode-with-emaci () "Run `switch-major-mode' with `emaci-mode'." (interactive) (let ((emaci emaci-mode)) (call-interactively 'switch-major-mode) (emaci-mode (if emaci 1 -1)))) (eal-define-keys-commonly global-map `(("C-x q" switch-major-mode-with-emaci)))) (eval-after-load "emaci" `(emaci-settings)) (provide 'emaci-settings) |
听完我的介绍, 怎么样, 是不是你也一直期待这样的功能呢, 那赶快试试吧. 这里下载Emaci, Emaci还依赖ahei-misc, eval-after-load两个包，读者均可在DEA里面下载。
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